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Hebrew Israelites How to Read the Bible

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African Americans who claim descent from the ancient Israelites

Blackness Hebrew Israelites (also called Hebrew Israelites, Black Hebrews, Black Israelites, and African Hebrew Israelites) are groups of African Americans who believe that they are the descendants of the ancient Israelites. Some sub-groups believe that also Native and Latin Americans are descendants of the Israelites as well.[1] Black Hebrew Israelites combine elements to their teaching from a wide range of sources:[2] to varying degrees, Black Hebrew Israelites contain certain aspects of the religious beliefs and practices of both Christianity and Judaism, though they take created their own estimation of the Bible,[3] and other influences include Freemasonry and New Thought, for example.[two] Many choose to place equally Hebrew Israelites or Black Hebrews rather than Jews in order to indicate their claimed historic connections.[4] [5] [6] [7]

Black Hebrew Israelites are non associated with the mainstream Jewish community, and they do not meet the standards that are used to identify people as Jewish by the Jewish community. They are also outside the fold of mainstream Christianity, which considers Black Hebrew Israelism to exist heresy.[8] Black Hebrew Israelism is a non-homogenous movement with a number of groups that have varying behavior and practices.[5] Various sects of Black Hebrew Israelism have been criticized by academics for their promotion of historical revisionism.[9]

The Black Hebrew Israelite movement originated at the cease of the 19th century, when Frank Cherry and William Saunders Crowdy both claimed to have received visions that African Americans are descendants of the Hebrews in the Bible; Cherry established the Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations, in 1886, and Crowdy founded the Church building of God and Saints of Christ in 1896.[10] [11] [12] [13] Afterwards, Blackness Hebrew groups were founded in the United states during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, from Kansas to New York City, past both African Americans and West Indian immigrants.[14] In the mid-1980s, the number of Blackness Hebrews in the United States was between 25,000 and twoscore,000.[xv]

According to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), "Some, but not all [Blackness Hebrew Israelites], are outspoken anti-Semites and racists."[16] As of December 2019, the Southern Poverty Police Center "lists 144 Blackness Hebrew Israelite organizations as blackness separatist hate groups considering of their antisemitic and anti-white beliefs".[17] Tom Metzger, a onetime M Magician of the Ku Klux Klan, once remarked to the Southern Poverty Law Center, "They're the black counterparts of u.s.."[18]

History

The origins of the Black Hebrew Israelite motion are found in Frank Cerise and William Saunders Crowdy, who both claimed that they had revelations in which they believed that God told them that African Americans are descendants of the Hebrews in the Christian Bible; Cherry established the "Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations" in 1886, and Crowdy founded the "Church building of God and Saints of Christ" in 1896.[10] [11] [12] [13] Cherry taught that the Talmud was authoritative, that Jesus would return in the year A.D. 2000, and in a "square earth surrounded by three layers of heaven."[19] The playing of the pianoforte and the collection of tithes during Blackness Hebrew Israelite worship was forbidden by Cherry, who too taught the eastward management of prayer and "denigrated white Jews every bit interlopers".[xix] The Church of God and Saints of Christ, originating in Kansas, retained elements of a messianic connectedness to Jesus.[fourteen] Another early fundamental figure was William Christian. The pioneers of the move were Freemasons,[20] and it was strongly influenced by Masonic traditions.[ii]

In the late 19th century, Cherry's and Crowdy's followers continued to propagate the claim that they were the biological descendants of the Israelites,[21] and during the following decades, many more Black Hebrew congregations were established; afterwards Frank Ruddy's expiry in 1963, his son Prince Benjamin F. Cherry took over leadership of the Blackness Hebrew Israelite move.[nineteen] After World War I, for example, Wentworth Arthur Matthew, an emigrant from Saint Kitts, founded some other Black Hebrew congregation in Harlem, claiming descent from the aboriginal Israelites. He chosen it the "Commandment Keepers of the Living God".[22] Similar groups selected elements of Judaism and adapted them within a structure similar to that of the Blackness church.[14] Matthew incorporated his congregation in 1930 and moved it to Brooklyn, where he after founded the Israelite Rabbinical Seminary, where Blackness Hebrew rabbis have been educated and ordained.

The group sometimes employs street preaching to promote their ideology. Sidewalk ministers may employ provocation to accelerate a message that is oft antisemitic, racist, and xenophobic.[23] [24] [iii] This primarily gained notice in the news through their street preaching that purportedly targeted students of Covington Cosmic High Schoolhouse in January 2019. Ane student reported the Blackness Hebrew Israelites called students 'racists', 'bigots', 'white crackers', 'faggots', and 'incest kids'. The street preachers besides alluded to the film Get out, telling an African American student that they would "harvest his organs".[18]

Groups

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, dozens of Black Hebrew organizations were established.[14] In Harlem lone, at least 8 such groups were founded between 1919 and 1931.[25] The Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations, is the oldest known Black Hebrew group,[26] and the Church building of God and Saints of Christ is one of the largest Black Hebrew organizations.[27] The Commandment Keepers, founded by Wentworth Arthur Matthew in New York, are noted for their adherence to traditional Judaism.[28] The African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem are widely known for having moved from the United States, primarily Chicago, to Israel in the tardily 20th century.[29] [30] [31] Other Black Hebrew groups include the Israelite School of Universal Applied Knowledge, based in Philadelphia, and the Nation of Yahweh, based in Miami.

Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations

The oldest known Blackness Hebrew system is the Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations.[26] [32] The group was founded by Frank Reddish in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1886, and it later moved to Philadelphia.[33] Red, who was from the Deep S and had worked as a seaman and for the railroads before his ministry, taught himself Hebrew and Yiddish.[34] Theologically, the Church of the Living God mixed elements of Judaism and Christianity, counting the Bible—including the New Testament—and the Talmud as essential scriptures.[35] [36]

The rituals of Cherry's flock incorporated many Jewish practices and prohibitions alongside some Christian traditions.[37] For instance, during prayer the men wore skullcaps and congregants faced due east. In improver, members of the Church were non permitted to swallow pork.[37] Prayers were accompanied by musical instruments and gospel singing.[38] Ruby-red died in 1963, when he was about 95 years old; his son, Prince Benjamin F. Cherry, succeeded him.[36] [39] Members of the church building believed that he had temporarily left and would before long reappear in spirit in society to lead the church through his son.[39] [27]

Church building of God and Saints of Christ

The Church of God and Saints of Christ was established in Lawrence, Kansas, in 1896 by African American William Saunders Crowdy.[twoscore] The group established its headquarters in Philadelphia in 1899, and Crowdy subsequently relocated to Washington, D.C., in 1903. After Crowdy's decease in 1908, the church continued to grow under the leadership of William Henry Plummer, who moved the organization's headquarters to its permanent location in Belleville, Virginia, in 1921.[41]

In 1936, the Church of God and Saints of Christ had more than 200 "tabernacles" (congregations) and 37,000 members.[27] [42] Howard Zebulun Plummer succeeded his male parent and became head of the organization in 1931.[43] His son, Levi Solomon Plummer, became the church'due south leader in 1975.[44] The Church of God and Saints of Christ was led by Rabbi Jehu A. Crowdy, Jr., a great-grandson of William Saunders Crowdy, from 2001 until his death in 2016.[45] Since 2016, it has been led past Phillip Eastward. McNeil.[46] Every bit of 2005, the church had fifty tabernacles in the United States and dozens more in Africa.[xl]

The Church of God and Saints of Christ describes itself as "the oldest African-American congregation in the United States that adheres to the tenets of Judaism".[32] [47] The church teaches that all Jews were originally black and that African Americans are descendants of the lost tribes of Israel.[48] [49] Members believe that Jesus was neither God nor the son of God, simply rather an adherent of Judaism and a prophet. They also consider William Saunders Crowdy, their founder, to be a prophet.[50]

The Church of God and Saints of Christ synthesizes rituals from both Judaism and Christianity. They have adopted rites drawn from both the Old and New Testaments. Its Sometime Attestation observances include the employ of the Jewish calendar, the celebration of Passover, the circumcision of infant males, the commemoration of the Sabbath on Saturday, and the wearing of yarmulkes. Its New Attestation rites include baptism (immersion) and footwashing, both of which accept Old Attestation origins.[48] [49]

Commandment Keepers

Wentworth Arthur Matthew founded the Commandment Keepers Congregation in Harlem in 1919.[v] Matthew was influenced by the non-black Jews he met too as past Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League. Garvey used the Biblical Jews in exile as a metaphor for blackness people in North America. One of the accomplishments of Garvey's motion was to strengthen the connectedness between black Americans and Africa, Ethiopia in particular. When Matthew after learned virtually the Beta Israel—Ethiopian Jews—he identified with them.[51]

Today the Commandment Keepers follow traditional Jewish practices and observe Jewish holidays.[28] Members find kashrut, circumcise newborn boys, and celebrate Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, and their synagogue has a mechitza to dissever men and women during worship.[52]

The Commandment Keepers believe that they are descendants of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.[53] Matthew taught that "the Black human is a Jew" and "all genuine Jews are Black men",[54] but he valued non-blackness Jews as those who had preserved Judaism over the centuries.[five] Matthew maintained cordial ties with non-black Jewish leaders in New York and often invited them to worship at his synagogue.[55]

Matthew established the Ethiopian Hebrew Rabbinical College (afterward renamed the Israelite Rabbinical Academy) in Brooklyn. He ordained more than 20 rabbis, who went on to lead congregations throughout the U.s.a. and the Caribbean area.[54] [55] He remained the leader of the Commandment Keepers in Harlem, and in 1962 the congregation moved to a landmark building on 123rd Street.[56]

Matthew died in 1973, sparking an internal conflict over who would succeed him as head of the Harlem congregation. Shortly before his expiry, Matthew named his grandson, David Matthew Doré, equally the new spiritual leader. Doré was 16 years old at the time. In 1975, the synagogue'due south lath elected Rabbi Willie White to be its leader. Rabbi Doré occasionally conducted services at the synagogue until the early on 1980s, when White had Doré and some other members locked out of the building. Membership declined throughout the 1990s, and by 2004, but a few dozen people belonged to the synagogue. In 2007 the Commandment Keepers sold the building while various factions amongst quondam members sued one another.[52] [57]

Likewise the Harlem group, there are viii or x Commandment Keeper congregations in the New York surface area, and others exist throughout North America as well equally in State of israel.[58] Since 2000, seven rabbis take graduated from the Israelite Rabbinical Academy founded past Matthew.[59]

African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem

African Hebrew Israelites speak to visitors in Dimona, State of israel.

Ben Ammi Ben-Israel established the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem in Chicago, Illinois, in 1966, a time when black nationalism was on the rise as a response to the Civil Rights Motion. In 1969, after a sojourn in Liberia, Ben Ammi and near 30 Hebrew Israelites moved to State of israel.[xxx] Over the next 20 years, well-nigh 600 more than members left the United states for Israel. Equally of 2006, well-nigh 2,500 Hebrew Israelites live in Dimona and 2 other towns in the Negev region of Israel, where they are widely referred to every bit Blackness Hebrews.[60] In addition, there are African Hebrew Israelite communities in several major American cities, including Chicago, St. Louis, and Washington, D.C.[61]

The Black Hebrews believe they are descended from members of the Tribe of Judah who were exiled from the Land of Israel after the Romans destroyed the Second Temple in 70 CE.[60] [62] The group incorporates elements of African-American culture into their estimation of the Bible.[61] They exercise non recognize rabbinical Jewish interpretations such every bit the Talmud.[60] The Black Hebrews observe Shabbat and biblically ordained Jewish holidays such as Yom Kippur and Passover.[63]

Men wear tzitzit on their African print shirts, women follow the niddah (biblical laws concerning menses),[61] and newborn boys are circumcised.[xxx] In accordance with their estimation of the Bible, the Black Hebrews follow a strictly vegan diet and only wearable natural fabrics.[30] [62] Well-nigh men accept more than one wife, and birth control is not permitted.[60]

When the beginning Black Hebrews arrived in Israel in 1969, they claimed citizenship under the Law of Return, which gives eligible Jews firsthand citizenship.[64] The Israeli regime ruled in 1973 that the grouping did not authorize for automatic citizenship because they could non prove Jewish descent and had non undergone Orthodox conversion. The Black Hebrews were denied work permits and state benefits. The group defendant the Israeli government of racist bigotry.[65] In 1981, a group of American ceremonious rights activists led past Bayard Rustin investigated and concluded that racism was not the cause of the Black Hebrews' situation.[29] No official action was taken to return the Black Hebrews to the United states of america, but some individual members were deported for working illegally.[65]

Some Black Hebrews renounced their American citizenship in order to try to forestall more deportations. In 1990, Illinois legislators helped negotiate an agreement that resolved the Black Hebrews' legal status in State of israel. Members of the group are permitted to piece of work, and they also have access to housing and social services. The Black Hebrews reclaimed their American citizenship and have received assistance from the U.S. government, which helped them build a school and boosted housing.[65] In 2003 the understanding was revised, and the Black Hebrews were granted permanent residency in State of israel.[31] [66]

In 2009, Elyakim Ben-Israel became the start Blackness Hebrew to gain Israeli citizenship. The Israeli authorities said that more than Black Hebrews may be granted citizenship.[67]

Today, young men and some women from the African Hebrew community of Jerusalem serve in the IDF, they have entered international sporting events and academic competitions under the Israeli flag, besides as having represented Israel twice in the Eurovision song contest.[68]

The Black Hebrews of Israel maintain a popular gospel choir, which tours throughout State of israel and the United States. The grouping owns restaurants in several Israeli cities.[65] In 2003 the Black Hebrews garnered public attention when singer Whitney Houston visited them in Dimona.[69] [70] [71] In 2006, Eddie Butler, a Blackness Hebrew, was called by the Israeli public to represent Israel in the Eurovision Vocal Contest.[60] [66]

One West Camp and splinter groups

The One W Camp is a messianic subdivision of Black Hebrew Israelite groups that believe in the Quondam Testament, the New Attestation and the exclusive identification of the Twelve Tribes of State of israel with ethnic communities of Black, Latin American, and Native American descent in the Americas.[72] The camp is named after its first grouping, which was located at One Due west 125th Street in Harlem in New York City, then known as the 'Israeli Schoolhouse of Universal Practical Knowledge'. The move has since splintered into numerous "camps", including the Israelite Church building of God in Jesus Christ, and the Israelite Schoolhouse of Universal Applied Cognition. Other notable groups descended from the One Due west Camp include the Gathering of Christ Church,[73] Masharah Yasharahla,[74] and Israel United in Christ.[75] [76]

Extremist fringe

In belatedly 2008, the Southern Poverty Police force Center (SPLC) wrote that "the extremist fringe of the Hebrew Israelite move" is black supremacist. It too wrote that the members of such groups "believe that Jews are devilish impostors and ... openly condemn whites as evil personified, deserving only death or slavery". The SPLC also wrote that "most Hebrew Israelites are neither explicitly racist nor anti-Semitic and do non advocate violence".[77]

The Black Hebrew groups that are characterized as black supremacist by the SPLC include the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge,[78] the Nation of Yahweh[79] and the Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ.[77] Also, the Anti-Defamation League has written that the "12 Tribes of Israel" website, which is maintained by a Blackness Hebrew group, promotes black supremacy.[80]

As of December 2019, the Southern Poverty Police Middle "lists 144 Black Hebrew Israelite organizations every bit black separatist hate groups because of their antisemitic and anti-white behavior".[17] [ needs context ]

A 1999 FBI terrorism take a chance cess report stated that "violent radical fringe members" of the Black Hebrew Israelite movement hold "beliefs [that] bear a hit resemblance to the Christian Identity theology practiced by many white supremacists".[81] [82] It also reported that "the overwhelming majority of [Black Hebrew Israelites] are unlikely to engage in violence."[81]

Alberta Williams Male monarch, female parent of Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed on June thirty, 1974, at age 69, by Marcus Wayne Chenault, a 23-year-old black homo from Ohio who had adopted the theology of a Blackness Hebrew Israelites preacher, Hananiah East. State of israel of Cincinnati, and had shown interest in a group called the "Hebrew Pentecostal Church of the Living God".[83] Israel, Chenault'south mentor, castigated black ceremonious rights activists and blackness church leaders as beingness evil and deceptive, but claimed in interviews not to have advocated violence.[84] Chenault did non describe any such stardom, and actually first decided to assassinate Rev. Jesse Jackson in Chicago, only canceled the program at the terminal infinitesimal.

On December x, 2019, 2 people who had expressed interest in the Black Hebrew Israelite movement were killed in a shootout with police after killing a police force detective at Bayview Cemetery and iii people at the JC Kosher Supermarket in Bailiwick of jersey Urban center, New Jersey: the Jewish co-owner of the grocery shop, an employee, and a Jewish shopper. Authorities treated the incident as an human activity of domestic terrorism.[85] Capers Funnye, who has been the rabbi for the by 26 years of the 200-fellow member Beth Shalom B'nai Zaken Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation,[86] [87] condemned the set on and said that his community was "gripped by sadness" over "the heinous deportment of two disturbed individuals who cloaked themselves in anti-Semitism and detest-filled rhetoric". He also criticized the media reports by saying it was "unfortunate that the media uses the term 'Black Hebrew Israelites' without distinction as if the clarification is a one size fits all and it is absolutely not!" Funnye emphasized that "nosotros don't want to be seen as some radical fringe group with a false narrative because we are black and profess Judaism; we are Torah-oriented Jews."[88]

On December 28, 2019, a man with a machete attacked several Orthodox Jewish people during Hanukkah celebrations in a house in Monsey, New York. Government revealed the fact that his journals included what appeared to be a reference to Black Hebrew Israelites stating that "Hebrew Israelites" have taken from "ebinoid Israelites".[89]

Criticism of theological and historical claims

African American Christian apologetics organizations, such every bit the Jude iii Projection, have critiqued the theological and historical claims which accept been presented by various Black Hebrew Israelite sects.[ninety]

Zimbabwean novelist Masimba Musodza has stated that the doctrine which is taught by Black Hebrew Israelites "force[southward] their own ideas onto the text to promote their own calendar, which serves no purpose at all except to engender antisemitism in Black communities in western countries".[3] The historian Josephus, too every bit theologians Emil Schürer and Friedrich Münter, wrote of Jewish slaves who were sold and served as labourers in Egypt and the Roman Empire, contradicting the Black Hebrew Israelite claim that Egypt is a metaphor for the Americas.[three] Additionally, opposite to what is taught by Black Hebrew Israelites, no Kingdom of Judah existed in West Africa, and the Middle Eastern state has no connection with the Kingdom of Whydah.[3] Black Hebrew Israelites have been criticized for making historical revisionist claims that do non acknowledge the poverty that Jews experienced as immigrants in the United States.[3]

Fran Markowitz, a Professor of Cultural Anthropology at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, writes that the Hebrew Israelite view of the transatlantic slave merchandise conflicts with historical accounts, as does the Hebrew Israelite conventionalities that Socrates and William Shakespeare were black.[nine]

Notable Black Hebrew Israelites

See also

  • African American–Jewish relations
  • Afro-American organized religion
  • Black Judaism
  • Cultural appropriation
  • Groups challenge affiliation with Israelites
    • British Israelism
    • Christian Identity
    • French Israelism
    • Nordic Israelism
  • Hoteps
  • Messianic Judaism
  • Moorish Science Temple of America
  • Pretendian
  • Religion in Black America

References

  1. ^ Hauck, Grace. "Bailiwick of jersey Metropolis shooting: Who are the Black Hebrew Israelites?". U.s.a. Today. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Jacob S. Dorman: Black Israelites aka Black Jews aka Black Hebrews: Black Israelism, Blackness Judaism, Judaic Christianity. In Eugene V. Gallagher & William Chiliad. Ashcraft (eds.): Introduction to New and Culling Religions in America. Greenwood, 2006.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Musodza, Masimba (Nov 8, 2019). "Ii Hebrew Israelite Biblical Verses Examined". The Times of Israel. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  4. ^ Ben-Jochannan, p. 306.
  5. ^ a b c d Ben Levy, Sholomo. "The Blackness Jewish or Hebrew Israelite Community". Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
  6. ^ Johannes P. Schade, ed. (2006). "Blackness Hebrews". Encyclopedia of Globe Religions. Franklin Park, N.J.: Strange Media Group. ISBN1-60136-000-2.
  7. ^ Bahrampour, Tara (June 26, 2000). "They're Jewish, With a Gospel Accent". The New York Times . Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  8. ^ Lee, Morgan (Jan 24, 2019). "The Hebrew Israelites in That March for Life Viral Video, Explained". Christianity Today. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  9. ^ a b Markowitz, Fran (2013). Ethnographic Encounters in Israel: Poetics and Ideals of Fieldwork. Indiana Academy Press. p. 69. ISBN978-0-253-00889-3. The ICUPK starts with a premise about the Middle Passage that isn't all that different from the 1 that grounds the AHIJ's historical revisionism, a reading of the transatlantic slave trade that is fairly cut-and-dried: African pagans and Arab Muslims sold Hebrew Israelites into European slavery. Annihilation else, the ICUPK contend, is a prevarication, a conspirational rewriting of history. The residue of ICUPK's arguments (near the "lost tribes," well-nigh the Bible'south true meaning, about figures like Socrates and Shakespeare actually being black) stem from that cardinal interpretation of the transatlantic slave trade, and they are unflinching in their commitment to its paradigmatic purpose.
  10. ^ a b Hutchinson, Dawn (2010). Artifact and Social Reform: Religious Experience in the Unification Church, Feminist Wicca and Nation of Yahweh. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 139. ISBN9781443823081. The first was the Church of the Living God, the Pillar Ground of Truth for All Nations founded by F.S. Cherry-red in 1886 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Cherry preached that Adam, Eve, and Jesus were black and that African Americans lost their Hebrew identity during slavery. Afterwards, William S. Crowdy founded the Church of God and Saints of Christ in 1896 in Lawrence, Kansas. Crowdy taught that blacks were heirs of the lost tribes of Israel, while white Jews were descendants of inter-racial marriages betwixt Israelites and white Christians.
  11. ^ a b Fernheimer, Janice W. (2014). Stepping Into Zion: Hatzaad Harishon, Black Jews, and the Remaking of Jewish Identity. University of Alabama Press. p. ten. ISBN9780817318246. One of these groups, Prophet Carmine'due south Church building of the Living God, the Pillar and Ground of Truth for All Nations is the oldest known Black Judaic sect. It was originally established in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1886. Prophet Cherry argued they were part of the original Israelite tribes chased from Babylonia (and, they claim, into Central and Western Africa where they were after sold into slavery) by the Romans in 70 CE.
  12. ^ a b Rubel, Nora L. (2009). "'Chased Out of Palestine': Prophet Cherry'southward Church of God and Early on Black Judaisms in the The states". In Curtis I.Five., Edward E.; Sigler, Danielle Brune (eds.). The New Blackness Gods: Arthur Huff Fauset and the Written report of African American Religions . Indiana Academy Press. p. 57. ISBN9780253004086. In 1893, Crowdy had a vision that resulted in the establishment of the Church of God and Saints in Christ.
  13. ^ a b Bleich, J. David (Bound–Summer 1975). "Black Jews: A Halakhic Perspective". Tradition: A Periodical of Orthodox Jewish Thought. xv (1): 63. JSTOR 23258489. Crowdy claimed to be the recipient of a series of revelations in which, among other things, he was told that Blacks were descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel.
  14. ^ a b c d Chireau, p. 21.
  15. ^ Sundquist, p. 118.
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  19. ^ a b c Gallagher, Eugene V. (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America [5 Volumes]. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. p. 73. ISBN978-0-313-05078-7. ...he accepted the drove of Jewish law known as the Talmud every bit the ultimate authority on religious matters. Like many black Israelites and black Muslims, Blood-red stigmatized Southern black culture, forbidding his followers to eat pork, drinkable heavily, or observe Christian holidays. He also separated himself from African American Christianity past forbidding pianos, public collections, emotional expression in worship, or speaking in tongues. ... Services began and ended with a prayer said while facing east ... Prophet Ruby'southward theology was strongly millenarian, black nationalist, and idiosyncratic. He emphasized strict adherence to the Ten Commandments, and his followers believed in a square world surrounded by 3 layers of heaven. He claimed that Jesus was black and would return in the year 2000 and enhance all the saints who obeyed the Ten Commandments and the teachings of Prophet Crimson. Cherry denigrated white Jews equally interlopers and frauds and vilified them for denying the divinity of Jesus. Prophet Carmine passed away in 1963 and was succeeded by his son Prince Benjamin F. Crimson.
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  23. ^ By Sarah Maslin Nir December. 12, 2019 The New York Times
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Sources

  • Ben-Jochannan, Yosef A.A. (1993) [1983]. We, the Black Jews: Witness to the "White Jewish Race" Myth. Baltimore: Blackness Classic Press. ISBN0-933121-40-7.
  • Bruder, Edith; Parfitt, Tudor (2012). "Introduction". In Edith Bruder; Tudor Parfitt (eds.). African Zion: Studies in Blackness Judaism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN978-i-4438-3802-3 . Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  • Chireau, Yvonne (2000). "Black Culture and Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism, 1790–1930, an Overview". In Yvonne Patricia Chireau; Nathaniel Deutsch (eds.). Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-xix-511257-1.
  • Dorman, Jacob South. (2006). "Black Israelites". In Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, Due west. Michael (eds.). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 1. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN0-275-98713-2.
  • Fauset, Arthur Huff (2002) [1944]. Blackness Gods of the Metropolis: Negro Religious Cults of the Urban North. Philadelphia: Academy of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN0-8122-1001-viii.
  • Gallagher, Eugene V. (2004). The New Religious Movements Feel in America. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN0-313-32807-two.
  • Goldschmidt, Henry (2006). Race and Religion Among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN0-8135-3897-1.
  • Greene, Lorenzo Johnston (1996). Arvarh E. Strickland (ed.). Selling Blackness History for Carter G. Woodson: A Diary, 1930–1933. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. ISBN0-8262-1068-6.
  • Isaac, Walter (2006). "Locating African-American Judaism: A Critique of White Normativity". In Lewis R. Gordon; Jane Anna Gordon (eds.). A Companion to African-American Studies. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN0-631-23516-seven.
  • Kidd, Colin (2006). The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600-2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-79324-vi.
  • Landing, James E. (2002). Black Judaism: Story of an American Motility. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Printing. ISBN0-89089-820-0.
  • Michaeli, Ethan (2000). "Another Exodus: The Hebrew Israelites from Chicago to Dimona". In Yvonne Patricia Chireau; Nathaniel Deutsch (eds.). Blackness Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-511257-i.
  • Moses, Wilson Jeremiah (2003). "Chosen Peoples of the Metropolis: Black Muslims, Blackness Jews, and Others". In Cornel Westward; Eddie S. Glaude, Jr. (eds.). African American Religious Thought: An Anthology. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN0-664-22459-viii.
  • Parfitt, Tudor (2013). Black Jews in Africa and the Americas. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Academy Printing. ISBN978-0-674-07150-6.
  • Parfitt, Tudor; Emanuela Trevisan Semi (2002). Judaising Movements: Studies in the Margins of Judaism in Modern Times. New York: Routledge. ISBN0-7007-1515-0.
  • Singer, Merrill (1992). "The Southern Origin of Black Judaism". In Baer, Hans A.; Jones, Yvonne (eds.). African Americans in the South: Problems of Race, Class, and Gender. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Printing. ISBN0-8203-1376-9.
  • Singer, Merrill (2000). "Symbolic Identity Formation in an African American Religious Sect: The Black Hebrew Israelites". In Yvonne Patricia Chireau; Nathaniel Deutsch (eds.). Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism. New York: Oxford Academy Printing. ISBN0-19-511257-1.
  • Sundquist, Eric J. (2002). Strangers in the Land: Blacks, Jews, Post-Holocaust America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Academy Press. ISBN0-674-01942-3.
  • Wolfson, Bernard J. (2000). "African American Jews: Dispelling Myths, Bridging the Divide". In Yvonne Patricia Chireau; Nathaniel Deutsch (eds.). Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism. New York: Oxford Academy Press. ISBN0-nineteen-511257-1.
  • Wynia, Elly 1000. (1994). The Church of God and Saints of Christ: The Ascension of Black Jews. New York: Routledge. ISBN0-8153-1136-ii.

Further reading

  • Jacob S. Dorman (2013). Chosen People: The Rise of American Black Israelite Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-xix-530140-3.
  • Martina Könighofer (2008). The New Ship of Zion: Dynamic Diaspora Dimensions of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN978-3-8258-1055-ix.
  • Steven Thrasher (March xxx, 2011). "Black Hebrew Israelites: New York's Most Obnoxious Prophets". The Village Vox.

External links

  • Commandment Keepers
  • Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ
  • Israelite School of Universal Applied Noesis
  • Gathering of Christ Church
  • Masharah Yasharahla
  • Israel United in Christ
  • Beth Shalom B'nai Zaken Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation
  • Ii Hebrew Israelite Biblical Verses Examined

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites

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